Browse Items · Rimbunan: Pangkalan Data Pengajian Melayu

Pelakon dan pengarah, Farid Kamil bertekad mahu mencari jalan penyelesaian terbaik bagi mempertahankan rumah tangga dan berdamai dengan isterinya, Diana Danielle.

Rempah JJ Mak Pon jadi buruan di MJF 2023

Rempah JJ Mak Pon adalah sejenis rempah mi bandung yang mendapat tarikan ramai pembeli. Namun, rempah JJ Mak Pon juga ada pelbagai jenis lain seperti rempat ikan bakar dan soto.

Text Puasa ramadan ...2 more

Sisa makanan ketika Ramadan meningkat

Sisa pepejal khususnya melibatkan sisa makanan yang dikutip Perbadanan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal dan Pembersihan Awam (SWCorp) ketika Ramadan dilihat semakin meningkat setiap tahun.

Generasi muda berdepan krisis nilai insan.

Text cina Politik ...1 more

Dilema politik Cina pasca PRU15

Text hak istimewa Melayu Politik ...1 more

UMNO perlu naratif baharu

Text kerajaan Perdana menteri ...2 more

Tak kisah Anwar atau Muhyiddin, agenda rakyat lebih utama

Text umno

Pemuda UMNO kini

Kepimpinan tertinggi UMNO ternyata telah memperlihatkan keyakinannya terhadap pemuda dengan meletakkan tiga orang dari kalangan mereka memimpin kerajaan-kerajaan negeri di Melaka, Negeri Sembilan dan Padang.

Text umno

Pemuda UMNO sekurang-kurangnya dapat meyakinkan...

Pemuda UMNO sekurang-kurangnya data meyakinkan bahawa pemuda, jika diberi kesempatan, boleh menjalankan tugas-tugas baik sebagai Ahli Parlimen mahupun Ah;i Dewan Negeri, yang telama ini lebih cenderung diberikan kapad mereka yang suddar agak berumur dan 'lama' dalam parti sahaja."

Text kemajuan orang asli ...1 more

The new policy...

"The new policy which involved the establishment of jungle forts was undoubtedly, a great improvement upon resettlement, but there were of course a number of setbacks and difficulties and mistakes continued to be made. For example, as late as 1957, it was decided to remove a group of about 200 Temiar from their natural environment on the Kelantan-Perak watershed."

Text Ekonomi orang asli ...1 more

The third important task...

"The third important task of the Department for Orang Asli Affairs is to improve the living standards of the Orang Asli. This has primarily affected the groups living outside the deep jungle, in the more accessible areas of the country. The Department for Orang Asli Affairs has constructed a large number of 'pattern settlements' to encourage economic development. The formation of a typical pattern settlement includes the building of new dwelling houses, the provision of a water supply, the planting of land with rubber and fruit trees, the construction of a school and of a community hall, and various other facilities including sanitation."

Text orang asli perkahwinan

A young man may...

"A young man may find a marriage partner within his own village, but it is common to look for a bride in a neighbouring settlement. Normally, when a man has found a girl whom he likes, he will approach his father to arrange for the marriage. His father will then consult the girl's father, and if all parties concerned are agreeable, the marriage will take place."

Text orang asli perkahwinan

The Semelai are allowed...

"The Semelai are allowed to have more than one wife, but this is most unusual and it is difficult to find any instances of a polygynous marriage. Economic reasons are often advanced for this, but in addition public opinion is not in favour of a man having more than one wife. Semelai marriages are generally stable and divorce is both unpopular and more difficult to obtain than is the case among most other Orang Asli tribes."

Text agama kepercayaan ...1 more

The religious beliefs of the Temuan...

"The religious beliefs of the Temuan have not been studied in any detail, and accounts are therefore rather vague. According to my informants, there are two major deities, 'tuhan diatas' and 'tuhan dibawah', meaning sky-god and earth-god respectively. The former is responsible for the creation of this world, and also for the after-world, and for the realm of the spirits in general. The second deity is responsible for the world of the living, and it is he who imposes punishment for any breach of local taboos. Well-known male ancestors who have died long ago much revered, although there is no special ancestor cult."

Text orang asli perkahwinan

In short, the Orang Kanak...

"In short, the Orang Kanak settlement at that time was certainly the dirtiest in the whole country and, as has been said before, some people have explained this by an alleged degeneration of the tribe, caused by the continuous intermarriage of close relatives."

Text orang asli

That the word 'Jakun'...

"That the word 'Jakun' has some kind of opprobrium attached to it is however plain. There are very few groups who refer to themselves as Jakun, and instead various other tribal names are used. Of these, the most common is 'orang ulu', meaning 'people who live upstream', in other words, people who live in the interior."

Text orang asli Proto-Malays ...1 more

According to most authorities, the Proto-Malays...

"According to most authorities, the Proto-Malays are the last of the immigrant groups among the Orang Asli, and it is thought that they had come to Malaya some 5000 years ago. A widely accepted theory, based upon some archaeological findings, is that they came to Malaya from a location in Yunan, in present-day China, and that there was a good deal of intermarriage between themselves and the earlier Senoi settlers."

Text orang asli seni tradisional ...1 more

The Senoi tribes,...

"The Senoi tribes, like many pre-literate peoples, do not have a special form of activity formally recognized as art. Instead, art is part of their normal everyday lives. For example, we have already seen that Temiar blowpipes, which have a purely practical use, are to some extent also works of art, inasmuch as they are highly polished and often most beautifully incised and decorated. In the same way, Temiar and Semai combs have an artistic as well as a purely practical value."

Text kematian kepercayaan ...1 more

Their belief in an after-world...

"Their belief in an after-world is rather vague. After a man has died, his soul will hover around his grave for a number of weeks, and it must e propitiated if the living are not to be harmed. Thereafter the soul travels to an after-world located somewhere in the west, in the direction of the setting sun, where it will join its tribal ancestors. The moyang are always benevolent, and they will help the living. Their main concern is the observation of tribal customs, and they will not hesitate to punish those who have broken a taboo."

Text Ekonomi orang asli

The development of a cash...

"The development of a cash economy, and in particular the employment of a large number of Mah Meri by the government and the surrounding Chinese rubber estates, has in recent years led to a greater demand for cash. An important consequence of this development has been the introduction of the concept of individual ownership, at the expense of collective property. Today it is the individual family, rather than the village as a whole, which is the most important unit from an economic point of view."

Text Ekonomi gaya hidup ...2 more

Many people in Malaya think...

"Many people in Malaya think that the Temiar are fond of moving about constantly, and that they have some kind of nomadic instinct. This is untrue, for on the contrary, they will stay in a particular place as long as possible as it is very troublesome to move to a new area and build new houses. Furthermore, in the recent past the more accessible groups have required acquired a fair amount of individual property such as radio sets, Malay and Western-type clothing and so on, and this also makes it more difficult than before to move one's location."

Text cina marriage ...2 more

It should be noted that Mah Meri ideas...

"It should be noted that Mah Meri ideas about marriage also affect to a great extent their attitudes towards outsiders. There are several instances when Mah Meri girls have been married to Chinese, and hardly any objection have been raised to such marriages. This is because in all cases, the Chinese concerned have become culturally assimilated to the Mah Meri, and their children are brought up in the normal Mah Meri way. Marriage with Malays is very infrequent and public opinion is hostile, first because of religious difficulties, and also because the Mah Meri feel that the attitude of the average Malay villager towards marriage is too light-hearted."

Text gaya hidup orang asli ...1 more

The Temiar and the Semai...

"The Temiar and the Semai are largely jungle dwellers, and a majority of them live in the hilly country. Moreover, in a large number of cases, their social organization is based upon the longhouse. Then there is an other group of tribes, the Jah Hut, the Che Wong and the Semok Beri, who live in individual family houses, and whose social organization approximates to that some of the Proto-Malay tribes, although it is much simpler."

Text orang asli Senoi

The term 'Senoi' is of comparatively...

"The term 'Senoi' is of comparatively recent origin, and in the past the word 'Sakai' was normally used for the tribes with whom we are concerned here. The word 'Sakai', however, is most unsatisfactory, first because it was at times used to describe Orang Asli as a whole and at others to refer only to the Senoi; and second because the word has undesirable connotations, as it means dependants or slaves."

Text Halak kepercayaan ...2 more

The shaman has varied and important...

"The shaman has varied and important functions, and he occupies a significant place in the religion of the Negritos. We must examine the functions of the halak in more detail in order to understand this clearly. Schebesta begins by saying that his preliminary investigation has shown that the halak is partly a medicine man or a healer, and partly a priest (1957:120). But more detailed research convinced him later on that the halak is primarily a shaman, a man who is able to fall into a trance (1957:154)."

Text kepimpinan leader ...1 more

The headman at Kampong Lalang...

"The headman at Kampong Lalang has similar functions to that of a traditional Negrito leader; but he also acts as the representative of the villagers in their dealings with government officials. Today, this is in fact one of his most important functions."

Text orang asli Pendidikan ...1 more

In some areas, the Negritos have given the explanation...

"In some areas, the Negritos have given the explanation that their children have been discriminated against at school, both by the non-aborigine pupils as well as by those of other Orang Asli tribes. But a more fundamental reason for this indifference to education is undoubtedly the nomadic way of life which not anly prevents regular attendance at school, but also makes the skills and values acquired in these schools irrelevant to the main business of the tribe-to survive without cultivation, and without reliance upon outside help."

Text medical treatment orang asli ...1 more

Other significant social changes consist...

"Other significant social changes consist of the total substitution of bows and arrows by the blowpipe, and finally, we must also mention the almost universal awareness, by nearly all of the groups, of the desirability of modern medical treatment. Most Negritos were extremely reluctant to seek a physician's advice up to about fifteen years ago, let alone be admitted into a hospital, but today very few signs of his reluctance still remain."

Text kematian kepercayaan ...1 more

The central theme is that every human being has at least two souls: one is his life-spirit which gives him breath and...

"The central theme is that every human being has at least two souls: one is his life-spirit which gives him breath and keeps him alive and the other is his dream soul. When he is alive, a man's dream soul will leave his body at night; and it is the wanderings and adventures of the dream soul which are pictured in a man's dreams. After death, the life-spirit or the life-soul must perish; but the dream soul survives and after some days, when the funeral ceremonies have been concluded, it sets out on its journey to the next world."

Text kepercayaan orang asli ...2 more

The emotional atmosphere during the seance is...

"The emotional atmosphere during the seance is ambiguous. At times the crowd is silent, and the women in particular show their awe and even fear, especially when the tiger's roar is heard. A few minutes later, the mood may change. The halak-and it must be remembered that he is now a chinoi-jokes with the crowd, and will even ask for a cigarette. In truth, the panok ceremony is partly a religious occasion and partly a public spectacle, or even a form of entertainment. The mood of the crowd changes with the nature of the questions asked."

Text kepercayaan kepimpinan ...2 more

We have already referred to the respectful and influential position that a halak...

"We have already referred to the respectful and influential position that a halak enjoys in Negrito society. This respect extends beyond the grave, for a halak's funeral is different from that given to an ordinary man. A halak is not buried in the usual way. Instead, his corpse is eihter placed in the branches of a tall tree, or else it is buried in a sitting position, with the head exposed for the latter must never be covered with earth. A halak does not depart immediately into the next world but becomes a tiger instead."

Text kepercayaan orang asli ...2 more

To appease the deity, an old man or an old woman will cut the skin...

"To appease the deity, an old man or an old woman will cut the skin near to the shin bone, and collect the blood into a bamboo container. This blood is then mixed with water and a part of it is thrown into the air as a sacrifice to Karei, who lives in the sky. The remainder is poured onto the ground as an act of appeal for intercession by Yak Manoi, who dwells within the earth. This ceremony is accompanied by appropriate cries and prayers which explain the significance of the sacrifice."

Text kepercayaan orang asli ...1 more

But it should be stressed that Karei, although generally feared, is not...

"But it should be stressed that Karei, although generally feared, is not regarded as an inherently malevolent king of being. If men behave themselves and conform to the acceptable mode of conduct, then Karei will not send evil of any kind to earth. It is only when tribal taboos have been broken that Karei will impose the necessary punishment, thus defending the righteousness of the accepted social order."

Text agama kepercayaan ...2 more

One of the main difficulties is that the Negritos, being a preliterate people, do not possess any written sacred scripts...

"One of the main difficulties is that the Negritos, being a preliterate people, do not possess any written sacred scripts or documents, as it is that informants are likely to give different answers to one's questions, thus creating an impression of a lack of conformity, and even of confusion. Similarly, the various tribes and even the different nomadic bands at times, will have different interpretations of what is accepted as dogma. But this impression of a lack of conformity and confusion must not be exaggerated for after all, even the followers of the world's great religions, especially the laymen, will by no means be able to provide identical accounts of what they believe in."

Text economy money ...1 more

The great popularity of such goods, and the resulting demand for cash, has gradually shifted the focus from communal to...

"The great popularity of such goods, and the resulting demand for cash, has gradually shifted the focus from communal to individual ownership. But this movement is still in its very infancy, since opportunities to earn money are very limited. Cash is therefore an additional but not an essential item."

Text blowpipe orang asli ...3 more

According to the custom of the Negritos, the preparation of the poison...

"According to the custom of the Negritos, the preparation of the poison which will be used in the blowpipe, for example, is a task that is always left to the older and more experienced men. The younger members do not participate in it. But nowadays, many of the Negritos do not make their own blowpipes, for they are bought instead of the Temiar, and so the preparation of the poison has become rather less important."

Text diet food ...3 more

By the end of the day, when the last meal has been cooked and eaten, the group is...

"By the end of the day, when the last meal has been cooked and eaten, the group is happy enough, and there is gossip to exchange and games to play. But the diet is inadequate from a nutritional point of view, since it is lacking in protein. Moreover, the gathering of wild tubers and vegetables by the women becomes progressively more and more difficult; they have to go further and further into the jungle to obtain a sufficient amount of food."

Text Melayu mobility ...2 more

They should certainly not be regarded as various stages of an evolutionary system. For example...

"They should certainly not be regarded as various stages of an evolutionary system. For example, a certain band may have long-standing ties with a Malay villager whom they trust and to whom, year after year, they return for seasonal work. When this particular employer dies, his successor may not be as congenial or as experienced in dealing with the Negritos as his predecessor."

Text economy gaya hidup ...2 more

Other items which are almost universally accepted are salt, matches and...

"Other items which are almost universally accepted are salt, matches and inexpensive lighters, knives bought from the stores, and imported tobacco and cigarettes. All these articles are readily available in village shops which are located in areas adjacent to the jungle. With the exception of these articles the Negritos, especially those in the more remote jungle, are still very largely self-sufficient and almost completely independent in their lack of reliance upon the outside world."

Text gaya hidup hygiene ...1 more

Lifetime habits are difficult to change, and therefore the lack of...

"Lifetime habits are difficult to change, and therefore the lack of hygiene and the general neglect of the more permanent dwelling houses become a serious problem. The standard of personal hygiene is quite high; everyone has a bath at least once a day."

Text economy Ekonomi ...1 more

The economic activities of the Negrito population are basically simple and even primitive when judged by...

"The economic activities of the Negrito population are basically simple and even primitive when judged by modern standards, or when compared with those of the other Orang Asli tribes, such as the Temiar. But we should not allow any misapprehensions or misconceptions to arise at this point."

Text marriage orang asli ...1 more

Among all of the Negrito tribes, marriage is an informal arrangement and it is not marked by...

"Among all of the Negrito tribes, marriage is an informal arrangement and it is not marked by any special ceremony. This of course does not mean that there is complete sexual freedom or that there is an absence of social regulations as regards marriage. From another point of view, marriage, as an institution, is regarded as of the highest importance."

Text orang asli sistem pemerintahan ...1 more

In one or two cases, groups of Negritos have settled down more or...

"In one or two cases, groups of Negritos have settled down more or less permanently, and this has resulted in the rise of a village leader, called the 'penghulu' or 'headman'. A village of this kind is essentially the territorial equivalent of a horde; that is the village consists of two or more related bands, under an elected leader."

Text orang asli population

The first Malayan census of population which treated the Orang Asli as a special category was carried out in...

"The first Malayan census of population which treated the Orang Asli as a special category was carried out in 1911, and their number was estimated to be about 30000. Considering that it was the first attempt made to count the number of Orang Asli, especially in view of the fact that so little was known about their locations at that time, this figure was a very reasonable estimate."

Text budaya gaya hidup ...2 more

Their feelings of loyalty and sense of 'belonging' are attached firstly to...

"Their feelings of loyalty and sense of 'belonging' are attached firstly to a particular small group or band, made up entirely of their own kinsmen. Secondly, they think of themselves as belonging to a particular tribe, having its own language, or at any rate its own dialect; and only thirdly, do they think of themselves as belonging to a somewhat vague and not very clearly concept-ualized ethnic group, that of the Negritos."

Text medical treatment orang asli

In particular, medical services and other forms of help provided by the government during the last fifteen years or so have affected them...

"In particular, medical services and other forms of help provided by the government during the last fifteen years or so have affected them to a much lesser degree than is the case among other groups of Orang Asli. Therefore , it seems reasonable to assume, although detailed statistics are not available, that the decline in the rate of infant mortality has been much lower among the Negritos than it has been among the Senoi or the Proto-Malays."

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