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From the VIth up to the XIVth century, Khmer history is essentially based on epigraphical sources. otherwise copious enough...

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"The Orang Asli are the indigenous minority peoples of Peninsular Malaysia. The term which transliterates as 'original peoples' or 'first peoples', is a collective term for the 19 ethnic sub-groups officially classified for administrative purposes…

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"The policy of integration with the mainstream is frequently used to justify the objective of the 'Islamisation of the whole Orang Asli community' (JHEOA 1983: 2). As part of a variety of 'positive descrimination' policies, Orang Asli who convert to…

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"Thus, one of the saddest outcome of this imposition by, and then absorption of, the dominant culture is that Orang Asli women take on a more secondary role in both the Orang Asli community and the wider society at large. Their involvement in the…

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"The present settlement of Kampung Chang Lama covers 245 acres (99.1 hectares) of dwellings and rubber smallholdings. From the eyes of the state government such land is still state land, although an application was made by JHEOA in1969 to have the…

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"It is clear therefore that religion in Semai society has been used to sanction certain concepts that have inherent social values. These concepts provide guidelines for daily living and set the basis of an egalitarian social system. The effectiveness…

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"The Semai of Kampung Chang Lama also relate fondly to the rivers and the fish (kaq) that aboud in them. The elders cherish recounting how, in the past, when one was hungry, one needed only to put the rice in the boil and go to the river to fish. By…

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"The Semai categorise their food sources according to three major categories: living things that inhabit the water, those that liev on land, and those that are able to fly. Each group of animals has its own place in nature. This is taken to be the…

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"After planting padi, the women plant crops such as maize, cassava, yams, sweet potato, chillies, and some indigenous varieties of vegetables - e.g., bayam hik, kacang hik, serai, petola hik, asap teroq, teroq sentol - as well as some ritual flowers.…

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"Semai society is certainly no longer the fully 'traditional' society that the elders remember it to be. However, there are more reasons than the mythical defiance of Semai males like the bean-pod son in the story that have caused changes in the…

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"In the past, Semai women wen with their menfolk to hunt for small animals such as birds (using sticky birdlime, cog ep), squirrels, monkeys and jungle fowl. While on these hunting trips, the women plucked cassava shoots or sourced out medicinal…

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"We also realised that Semai women today seem to be under the men's power and control. The men themselves have assumed that they possess this authority over the women. They see their responsibility to the family in merely making sure that they get…

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"Perhaps, it is an apt to conclude this report with the message of a song about a Semai woman called Wak Bong. While the lyrics are recent, the melody and the musical accompaniment are traditional - precisely the marriage between the traditional and…

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"Perkataan 'Orang Asal' merupakan nama panggilan menyeluruh untuk masyarakat pribumi di Malaysia. Mereka merupakan keturunan daripada suku-suku etnik yang telah menetap di Sabah, Sarawak dan Semenanjung Malaya sebelum penubuhan kesultanan Melayu dan…

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"Sudah menjadi lumrah bagi komuniti Orang Asal untuk mempunyai kebun atau dusun mereka sendiri dimana pelbagai jenis buah-buahan dan tanaman lain ditanam untuk menyara hidup mereka. Pada masa dahulu, kawasan tanah dan wilaah adat mereka telah banyak…

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"Institusi dan sistem tradisi Orang asal hanya berkesan jka komuniti percaya bahawa adanya keperluan untuk meneruskan pengetahuan tradisi mereka yang wujud sejak turun-temurun. Tetapi ini tidak bermakna bahawa sistem sosial Orang Asal adalah statik…

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"Masyarakat Orang Asal percaya bahawa pihak berkuasa haruslah menggunapakai dan mengaplikasikan prinsip-prinsip yang termaktub dalam Deklarasi Hak Orang Asal Antarabangsa (UNDRIP) sebagai langkah pertama dalam pengiktirafan hak mereka. Komuniti Orang…

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"Jaringan Orang Asal SeMalaysia (JOAS) adalah penaung kepada 83 pertubuhan Orang Asal yang berasaskan komuniti, NGO-NGO sokongan dan komuniti Orang Asal seluruh Malaysia. Sebagai sebuah badan induk kepada sokongan dan perjuagan hak Orang Asal di…

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"Today, however many of the Negrito groups live in permanent settlements in Northeast Kedah (the Kensiu people), along the Kedah-Perak border (Kintak), Northeast Perak and West Kelantan (Jahai), North-central Perak (Lanoh), Southeast Kelantan…

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"Economic dealings with the neighbouring Malay communities were not uncommon during the past few hundred years, especially for the Aboriginal Malay groups. There seemed also to be a certain amount of interaction between the Orang Asli and the other…

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"Several implications can be drawn from the prevalent age distribution of the Orang Asli. Considering the youthfulness of the age structure, we can expect the growth rates to be maintained at high levels for some time, even with relatively modest…

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"In fact, there is very little difference between the proportions of availability of household items between urban Orang Asli households and overall Peninsular Malaysia. This suggests that urban Orang Asli households are not materially very different…

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"Much of the rationale for governmental approaches to Orang Asli development has its roots in the development theories of the 1960s and 1970s. Even today, the basic philosophy underlying the current development strategies remains the same, although…

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"I have also argued (Nicholas 1997a) that the social stress experienced by the Orang Asli, especially with the loss of their traditional resources, has opened avenues for increased ethnic mapping along generic Orang Asli categories. Orang Asli…

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"The appropriation of Orang Asli resources, particularly their traditional territories, becomes an important project of the state for both economic and political reasons. Economically, because Orang Asli lands are no longer considered a 'frontier'…

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"Dunn (1975: 109) also noted that the Orang Asli have played a significant role in the Malaysian Peninsula's economic history as collectors and primary traders as early as the 5th century A.D. This is confirmed by Andaya and Andaya (1982: 11), who…

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"Despite the varying negative impacts the colonial plan had on the Orang Asli, the strategy nevertheless proved successful in that Orang Asli support for the insurgents waned, and the Malayan government was able eventually to declare the end of the…

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"In ths regard, the 1961 Policy Statement was perhaps the most important document pertaining to Orang Asli development insofar as it accorded the Orang Asli some recognition of their rights as an indigenous people. It clearly spelt out several…

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"The issue of the Orang Asli's assimilation, however, is not merely a concern of the ruling government. The opposition Islamic party PAS concurs with the view that Islamisation should be a strategy for lifting the Orang Malays. The PAS Member of…

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"Clearly the apparent intention of the Aboriginal Peoples Act seems to be the refusal to recognise the Orang Asli as the autonomous social unit that they were in the past. In fact, as has been the case in several instances, this legal instrument has…

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"However, the Orang Asli involved were not happy with this move. Juki Sungkai, an Orang Asli youth leader, had questioned why forest products valued at RM60 million (USD15.8 million) were to be apportioned by the Koperasi Daya Asli Johor Berhad…

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"The State Culture, Arts and Tourism Committee Chairman, Shahiruddin Moin, said that, "Although it is natural for women of the tribe to live half naked in the village, their photographs may give a wrong impression that Malays here are dressed in that…

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"This is not to suggest that early Orang Asli societies developed in isolation. On the contrary, far from remaining static, they have had to continually change and adapt themselves and their social organisation to their environment, their neighbours,…

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"In a further move to encourage Orang Asli to join UMNO - and so help the party achieve its 600,000 membership - UMNO Secretary-General, Mohamed Rahmat, remarked that the Orang Asli, "should be given the chance to be actively involved in the…

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"In August, at a special function for the Orang Asli community in Kelantan, Tengku Razaleigh, now the state UMNO liaison committee chairman, told the Orang Asli that their living condition and livelihood would be better under a Barisan Nasional state…

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"We must seek rights not only for ourselves, but also for all Orang Asli, all suku-kaum, all kampungs. Or else, we will have no land later. We are being pushed here and there when the goverment wants to have a certain project ... Felda, Felcra. We…

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"The heavy-handed manner in which the houses were demolished - without prior warning to the owners and despite the matter still being handled by their lawyers - infuriated POASM leaders enough to want to make their displeasure visible and loud. The…

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"Over the years, Orang Asli leaders, especiall those in POASM, have advocated that they needed to participate in the political arena if they wanted to make themselves heard and recognised. There have been frequent calls for POASM itself to be turned…

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"Hence, it is not uncommon to have two headmen in a particular settlement: one hereditary or elected by the community, the other appointed by the JHEOA. The tendency is for the JHEOA to appoint someone who is at least a little literate in Mlay, and…

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"Also, one of the first policy statements made during his acceptance speech was that POASM would encourage Malays to become members. The suggestion provoked much debate, but no vote was taken on the matter. Subsequently, in February 1992, it was…

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Below is an excerpt from The Road to Reform: Pakatan Rakyat in Selangor. The book, to be launched on Sept 27...

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I have been asked to evaluate SUHAKAM's performance during its first year, insofar as the rights and aspirations of the...

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