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This paper focusses upon some aspects of the Malayan career of Hugh Charles Clifford (1866-1941), the first English Agent and Second British Resident in Pahang...

"Mesjid2 sering dibangunkan dalam bentuk bangun-an peribumi Indonesia, dengan dua, tiga atau lima lapis atap, dan menjadikannya kelihatan seperti pa-goda.Bangunan ini merupakan satu kenang - kenangan zaman sebelum Islam (masih digunakan untuk kuil…

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common misunderstandings about monsoon wind patterns and their role in historical maritime trade across the Indian ocean and Southeast Asia. While it is often believed that ships followed a simple one-way seasonal pattern and returing west with the…

Evidence from the 1431 Chinese expedition demonstrates that sailors adapted flexibly to changing wind systems. Rather than strictly following a fixed directional cycle, fleets could travel both eastward and westward within the same monsoon season.…

The passage explain that sailing routes were heavily influenced not just by wind direction but by seasonal weather conditions. Stormy monsoon periods often made certain coastal harbors in accessible, such as the east coast of the Malay peninsula…

The text correct the misconception that the southwest monsoon moves in a straightward diagonal path from Africa to Southeast Asia. In reality, it develops progressively, beginning near Aceh, then reaching Sri Lanka, and finally the west coast of…

The term navigation did not the originally mean precise position-finding as it does today. It referred broadly to guiding a ship across open waters., while pilotage described navigation near coastlines using visible landmarks.

The development of modern navigation techniques began in Europe during the late 15th century, not the early 1420s as often misunderstood. Contrary to popular belief, Prince Henry the Navigater did not initiate advanced oceanic navigations for voyages…

Portuguese adapted and simplified earlier Arabic instruments such as quadrants and astrolabes. These tools were modified to measure the altura in degrees, making them more practical for sailors. Additionally, nautical almanacs that is derived from…

Navigation reminded far from precise. Mariners could not accurately determine their exact geographic position. The concept of locating a ship at the intersection of latitude and longitude was largely theoretical and confined to scholars. Longitude…

Even experienced navigators, including Arab seafarers known for their advanced techniques, did not use latitude in the modern sense. This reliance on celestial height measurements persisted for centuries, with some English sailors continuing the…

The marine charts from the early times were showing a recognizable Mediterranean and northwestern shoulder of Africa without latitude and longitude. Arabs used a chart that were inspired by Portuguese. The Mao K'un maps named a later compiler found…

Voyage routes ran in lines followed parallel to an irregular coastline and they provided the navigation with a direct picture of the coast but it was not possible to fix these. They are more like the straight line guides of the LondonUndergraund with…

Sailing directions were recorded in East and West for both coasting and open sea voyages. For example, 5the knowledge of the various trade routes with directions and favorable winds, and description of the coastlines. Office are termed as Pilots…

The Mao K'un with the Zheng he Voyages used a star charts instead of the ocean navigations. But there are mislabeled star chart title of navigational diagrams by Needham. Also there are some problems in identifying stars with sailors' and names'.…

There is no other instruments but Mao K'un maps for open ocean navigations. Star altitude were added for the first time when crossing the mouth of the bay of Bengal .

The passage describes how early sailors used the Pole Star, Polaris or navigation before the 1470s. Because Polaris appeared nearly fixed in the sky, its altitude helped sailors estimates latitude, although it was not perfectly alighed with the North…

The marine compass was an important tool for navigation because it showed direction at sea. However, a compass 'course' is different from a 'bearing". Early compasses ranged from simple magnetized needles floating in water to more advanced…

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Masalah di musium Brunei

Perkahwinan Diraja Kesultanan Brunei.

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Ini adalah kajian mengenai peranan institusi pondok di wilayah Pattani dalam mempertahankan identiti Melayu Patani. Kajian ini menggunakan metodologi penyelidikan kepustakaan dan temuramah. Kajian dapat mengenalpastikan bahawa identiti…

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Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis modenisasi dalam zaman pemerintahan Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, Perdana Menteri Malaysia yang keempat, dan pengaruh pemikiran beliau terhadap pembinaan bangsa. Pemikiran, pancaran pengalaman zaman…

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"Bidang fonetik dan fonologi telah mengalami perkembangan yang amat panjang sebagai bidang khusus kajian bunyi bahasa umat manusia. Perkembangan kajian bidang ini dilahirkan sejajar dengan perkembangan disiplin-disiplin lain dalam linguistik."

Abstrak
Tesis ini merupakan cubaan awal yang diadakan untuk mengisi kekosongan kajian linguistik perbandingan di antara bahasa Melayu dan Bahasa Thai yang mengkhusus kepada perbandingan fonologi bagi kata-kata pinjaman daripada bahasa yang terserap…

Kisah ringkas serangga yang bahaya dan telah diracun oleh manusia.

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Cerita serangga yang disembur oleh racun serangga.

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Menceritakan tentang kekosongan rumah di kampung halaman

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Kajian ini adalah mengenai hukum adat dalam masyarakat Dusun di Sabah. Masyarakat Dusun adalah salah satu kaum terbesar di Sabah. Sehingga tahun 1961, orang Dusun di Sabah mencapai 145,229 orang atau 31.9% dari jumlah penduduk negeri itu. Dalam banci…

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