Petikan tentang Orang Asli

"Kewujudan masyarakat Orang Asli dengan amalan sistem budayanya yang bersifat heterogen menambah nilai budaya istimewa yang kita miliki. Mereka mempunyai falsafah hidupnya sendiri seperti yang dimanifestasikan dalam bentuk sistem adat, agama dan kepercayaan, kosmologi, pantang-larang dan sebagainya yang mengatur cara mereka bertindak dan berhubungan dengan manusia lain dan alam."

Item Text kepercayaan orang asli ...2 more

Ukiran patung kayu hanya diusahakan oleh suku kaum...

"Ukiran patung kayu hanya diusahakan oleh suku kaum Mah Meri dan Jah Het yang menjadi sebahagian daripada kepercayaan animisme mereka. Patung yang diukir melambangkan unsur-unsur yang pelbagai seperti tanah, pelangi, guruh, angin, lautan dan bumi. Dalam dunia mitologi mereka, patung-patung yang diukir mempunyai pelbagai corak dan fungsi dan dipercayai adalah jelmaan roh nenek-moyang mereka."

Item Text orang asli seni ...2 more

Topeng digunakan oleh suku kaum Mah Meri dalam...

"Topeng digunakan oleh suku kaum Mah Meri dalam persembahan tarian sebagai mewakili roh nenek moyang mereka. Roh nenek moyang masyarakat Mah Meri dipanggil Moyang."

Item Text gaya hidup hunting ...3 more

Orang Asli biasanya tidak membunuh binatang bersaiz besar...

"Orang Asli biasanya tidak membunuh binatang bersaiz besar seperti harimau, gajah, buaya dan tapir kerana ia berkait rapat dengan kosmologi kepercayaan mereka. Haiwan buruan mereka adalah monyet, burung, tupai, kijang dan pelanduk."

Item Text kepercayaan Muzik ...2 more

Mereka sering menyanyikan lagu...

"Mereka sering menyanyikan lagu dengan irama yang dihasilkan melalui hentakan kaki. Muzik seiring dengan aktiviti masyarakat iaitu ketika menuai hasil tanaman mahupun majlis perkahwinan. Muzik tertentu dipercayai dapat menghindari semangat jahat daripada mengganggu manusia."

Item Text kepercayaan orang asli ...1 more

Kebanyakan perhiasan mereka berhubung rapat dengan...

"Kebanyakan perhiasan mereka berhubung rapat dengan alam semula jadi. Mereka percaya perhiasan yang dipakai akan menyerlahkan kecantikan serta mengelakkan daripada bencana alam atau gangguan semangat jahat."

Item Text kraf tangan orang asli ...1 more

Hasil kraf moden telah dieksploitasi...

"Hasil kraf moden telah dieksploitasi sepenuhnya bagi tujuan komersial. Motif-motif hasil seni kraf yang menarik ini dipindahkan pada lukisan fabrik. Selain itu, barang-barang cenderamata yang kecil seperti pemegang pensil, replika patung dan topeng kertas turut dihasilkan."

Item Text kepercayaan orang asli ...1 more

Sekiranya mereka mengalami nasib yang kurang baik, Tok Halaq (bomoh) akan bertindak mengusir semangat jahat yang...

"Sekiranya mereka mengalami nasib yang kurang baik, Tok Halaq (bomoh) akan bertindak mengusir semangat jahat yang membawa nasib tidak baik. Semangat jahat adalah roh individu yang sudah mati yang menimbulkan kekacauan."

Item Text kraf tangan kreatif ...1 more

Penciptaan serta keberkesanan fungsi alat-alat ciptaan mereka adalah lambang...

"Penciptaan serta keberkesanan fungsi alat-alat ciptaan mereka adalah lambang ketinggian kreativiti mereka. Bahan-bahan asas yang mudah ditemui di persekitaran mereka, umpamanya buluh dan pohon-pohon kayu dieskploit mereka secara bijaksana. Alat-alat yang direka banyak membantu dalam urusan harian mereka."

Item Text gaya hidup orang asli ...1 more

Orang Asli mempunyai banyak kehendak, mereka menunjukkan berbagai-bagai ragam dan...

"Orang Asli mempunyai banyak kehendak, mereka menunjukkan berbagai-bagai ragam dan beberapa kelompok di kalangan masyarakat mereka telah mempastikan mereka juga ingin mencapai berbagai-bagai wawasan. Mereka bukan seragam dan mereka pula bukan mengikuti cara hidup yang sama antara satu sama lain dan konteks Malaysia masa kini."

Item Text kepercayaan Muzik ...2 more

Hubungan intim di antara manusia dan hutan yang dihuninya hanya boleh difahami di...

"Hubungan intim di antara manusia dan hutan yang dihuninya hanya boleh difahami di dalam seni tari dan muzik Orang Asli sekiranya sistem kepercayaan leluhur masyarakat peribumi tersebut juga diketahui sepenuhnya. Begitu juga halnya di kalangan masyarakat Orang Asli jika seandainya mereka meminggirkan hubungan di antara roh dan semangat hutan di dalam Sewang, persembahan tersebut tidak membawa sebarang makna, kecuali sebuah pergelaran simbolik dan representatif.|"

Item Text orang asli population

The first Malayan census of population which treated the Orang Asli as a special category was carried out in...

"The first Malayan census of population which treated the Orang Asli as a special category was carried out in 1911, and their number was estimated to be about 30000. Considering that it was the first attempt made to count the number of Orang Asli, especially in view of the fact that so little was known about their locations at that time, this figure was a very reasonable estimate."

Item Text economy orang asli ...1 more

There is great deal of variation in the way of life of the Proto-Malays. Some of them, living in the remote areas of the jungle in...

"There is great deal of variation in the way of life of the Proto-Malays. Some of them, living in the remote areas of the jungle in Pahang, lead a semi-nomadic existence, and these people are much poorer and more backward than a majority of the Senoi. Other groups lead a completely settled existence, and their way of life is very similar to that of the Malay villagers."

Item Text medical treatment orang asli

In particular, medical services and other forms of help provided by the government during the last fifteen years or so have affected them...

"In particular, medical services and other forms of help provided by the government during the last fifteen years or so have affected them to a much lesser degree than is the case among other groups of Orang Asli. Therefore , it seems reasonable to assume, although detailed statistics are not available, that the decline in the rate of infant mortality has been much lower among the Negritos than it has been among the Senoi or the Proto-Malays."

Item Text budaya gaya hidup ...2 more

Their feelings of loyalty and sense of 'belonging' are attached firstly to...

"Their feelings of loyalty and sense of 'belonging' are attached firstly to a particular small group or band, made up entirely of their own kinsmen. Secondly, they think of themselves as belonging to a particular tribe, having its own language, or at any rate its own dialect; and only thirdly, do they think of themselves as belonging to a somewhat vague and not very clearly concept-ualized ethnic group, that of the Negritos."

Item Text gaya hidup orang asli ...1 more

If local groups must be both mobile and small, then it is essential that...

"If local groups must be both mobile and small, then it is essential that the social organization of the tribe as a whole must be as simple as possible, and this in fact has been the situation with the Negritos. The dual needs of maintaining a small number and mobility dictate a simple organization without an elaborate system of leadership, but with a high degree of social equality."

Item Text orang asli sistem pemerintahan ...1 more

In one or two cases, groups of Negritos have settled down more or...

"In one or two cases, groups of Negritos have settled down more or less permanently, and this has resulted in the rise of a village leader, called the 'penghulu' or 'headman'. A village of this kind is essentially the territorial equivalent of a horde; that is the village consists of two or more related bands, under an elected leader."

Item Text marriage orang asli ...1 more

Among all of the Negrito tribes, marriage is an informal arrangement and it is not marked by...

"Among all of the Negrito tribes, marriage is an informal arrangement and it is not marked by any special ceremony. This of course does not mean that there is complete sexual freedom or that there is an absence of social regulations as regards marriage. From another point of view, marriage, as an institution, is regarded as of the highest importance."

Item Text orang asli social behavior

Age is obviously an important factor in regulating the social behaviour of the Kensiu, and this is reflected in their terminology. For example...

"Age is obviously an important factor in regulating the social behaviour of the Kensiu, and this is reflected in their terminology. For example, in ego's own generation, the terminological distinction between siblings, and also cousins, is based upon age rather than sex. Ego is expected to behave in a fairly respectful way towards his siblings, and also cousins; they are to a large extent to his informal leaders and teachers as far as behavior is concerned"

Item Text economy Ekonomi ...1 more

The economic activities of the Negrito population are basically simple and even primitive when judged by...

"The economic activities of the Negrito population are basically simple and even primitive when judged by modern standards, or when compared with those of the other Orang Asli tribes, such as the Temiar. But we should not allow any misapprehensions or misconceptions to arise at this point."

Item Text gaya hidup hygiene ...1 more

Lifetime habits are difficult to change, and therefore the lack of...

"Lifetime habits are difficult to change, and therefore the lack of hygiene and the general neglect of the more permanent dwelling houses become a serious problem. The standard of personal hygiene is quite high; everyone has a bath at least once a day."

Item Text economy gaya hidup ...2 more

Other items which are almost universally accepted are salt, matches and...

"Other items which are almost universally accepted are salt, matches and inexpensive lighters, knives bought from the stores, and imported tobacco and cigarettes. All these articles are readily available in village shops which are located in areas adjacent to the jungle. With the exception of these articles the Negritos, especially those in the more remote jungle, are still very largely self-sufficient and almost completely independent in their lack of reliance upon the outside world."

Item Text Melayu mobility ...2 more

They should certainly not be regarded as various stages of an evolutionary system. For example...

"They should certainly not be regarded as various stages of an evolutionary system. For example, a certain band may have long-standing ties with a Malay villager whom they trust and to whom, year after year, they return for seasonal work. When this particular employer dies, his successor may not be as congenial or as experienced in dealing with the Negritos as his predecessor."

Item Text diet food ...3 more

By the end of the day, when the last meal has been cooked and eaten, the group is...

"By the end of the day, when the last meal has been cooked and eaten, the group is happy enough, and there is gossip to exchange and games to play. But the diet is inadequate from a nutritional point of view, since it is lacking in protein. Moreover, the gathering of wild tubers and vegetables by the women becomes progressively more and more difficult; they have to go further and further into the jungle to obtain a sufficient amount of food."

Item Text blowpipe orang asli ...3 more

According to the custom of the Negritos, the preparation of the poison...

"According to the custom of the Negritos, the preparation of the poison which will be used in the blowpipe, for example, is a task that is always left to the older and more experienced men. The younger members do not participate in it. But nowadays, many of the Negritos do not make their own blowpipes, for they are bought instead of the Temiar, and so the preparation of the poison has become rather less important."

Item Text economy money ...1 more

The great popularity of such goods, and the resulting demand for cash, has gradually shifted the focus from communal to...

"The great popularity of such goods, and the resulting demand for cash, has gradually shifted the focus from communal to individual ownership. But this movement is still in its very infancy, since opportunities to earn money are very limited. Cash is therefore an additional but not an essential item."

Item Text agama kepercayaan ...2 more

One of the main difficulties is that the Negritos, being a preliterate people, do not possess any written sacred scripts...

"One of the main difficulties is that the Negritos, being a preliterate people, do not possess any written sacred scripts or documents, as it is that informants are likely to give different answers to one's questions, thus creating an impression of a lack of conformity, and even of confusion. Similarly, the various tribes and even the different nomadic bands at times, will have different interpretations of what is accepted as dogma. But this impression of a lack of conformity and confusion must not be exaggerated for after all, even the followers of the world's great religions, especially the laymen, will by no means be able to provide identical accounts of what they believe in."

Item Text kepercayaan orang asli ...1 more

But it should be stressed that Karei, although generally feared, is not...

"But it should be stressed that Karei, although generally feared, is not regarded as an inherently malevolent king of being. If men behave themselves and conform to the acceptable mode of conduct, then Karei will not send evil of any kind to earth. It is only when tribal taboos have been broken that Karei will impose the necessary punishment, thus defending the righteousness of the accepted social order."

Item Text kepercayaan orang asli ...2 more

To appease the deity, an old man or an old woman will cut the skin...

"To appease the deity, an old man or an old woman will cut the skin near to the shin bone, and collect the blood into a bamboo container. This blood is then mixed with water and a part of it is thrown into the air as a sacrifice to Karei, who lives in the sky. The remainder is poured onto the ground as an act of appeal for intercession by Yak Manoi, who dwells within the earth. This ceremony is accompanied by appropriate cries and prayers which explain the significance of the sacrifice."

Item Text kepercayaan kepimpinan ...2 more

We have already referred to the respectful and influential position that a halak...

"We have already referred to the respectful and influential position that a halak enjoys in Negrito society. This respect extends beyond the grave, for a halak's funeral is different from that given to an ordinary man. A halak is not buried in the usual way. Instead, his corpse is eihter placed in the branches of a tall tree, or else it is buried in a sitting position, with the head exposed for the latter must never be covered with earth. A halak does not depart immediately into the next world but becomes a tiger instead."

Item Text kepercayaan orang asli ...2 more

The emotional atmosphere during the seance is...

"The emotional atmosphere during the seance is ambiguous. At times the crowd is silent, and the women in particular show their awe and even fear, especially when the tiger's roar is heard. A few minutes later, the mood may change. The halak-and it must be remembered that he is now a chinoi-jokes with the crowd, and will even ask for a cigarette. In truth, the panok ceremony is partly a religious occasion and partly a public spectacle, or even a form of entertainment. The mood of the crowd changes with the nature of the questions asked."

Item Text kematian kepercayaan ...1 more

The central theme is that every human being has at least two souls: one is his life-spirit which gives him breath and...

"The central theme is that every human being has at least two souls: one is his life-spirit which gives him breath and keeps him alive and the other is his dream soul. When he is alive, a man's dream soul will leave his body at night; and it is the wanderings and adventures of the dream soul which are pictured in a man's dreams. After death, the life-spirit or the life-soul must perish; but the dream soul survives and after some days, when the funeral ceremonies have been concluded, it sets out on its journey to the next world."

Item Text medical treatment orang asli ...1 more

Other significant social changes consist...

"Other significant social changes consist of the total substitution of bows and arrows by the blowpipe, and finally, we must also mention the almost universal awareness, by nearly all of the groups, of the desirability of modern medical treatment. Most Negritos were extremely reluctant to seek a physician's advice up to about fifteen years ago, let alone be admitted into a hospital, but today very few signs of his reluctance still remain."

Item Text orang asli Pendidikan ...1 more

In some areas, the Negritos have given the explanation...

"In some areas, the Negritos have given the explanation that their children have been discriminated against at school, both by the non-aborigine pupils as well as by those of other Orang Asli tribes. But a more fundamental reason for this indifference to education is undoubtedly the nomadic way of life which not anly prevents regular attendance at school, but also makes the skills and values acquired in these schools irrelevant to the main business of the tribe-to survive without cultivation, and without reliance upon outside help."

Item Text kepimpinan leader ...1 more

The headman at Kampong Lalang...

"The headman at Kampong Lalang has similar functions to that of a traditional Negrito leader; but he also acts as the representative of the villagers in their dealings with government officials. Today, this is in fact one of his most important functions."

Item Text Halak kepercayaan ...2 more

The shaman has varied and important...

"The shaman has varied and important functions, and he occupies a significant place in the religion of the Negritos. We must examine the functions of the halak in more detail in order to understand this clearly. Schebesta begins by saying that his preliminary investigation has shown that the halak is partly a medicine man or a healer, and partly a priest (1957:120). But more detailed research convinced him later on that the halak is primarily a shaman, a man who is able to fall into a trance (1957:154)."

Item Text orang asli Senoi

The term 'Senoi' is of comparatively...

"The term 'Senoi' is of comparatively recent origin, and in the past the word 'Sakai' was normally used for the tribes with whom we are concerned here. The word 'Sakai', however, is most unsatisfactory, first because it was at times used to describe Orang Asli as a whole and at others to refer only to the Senoi; and second because the word has undesirable connotations, as it means dependants or slaves."

Item Text gaya hidup orang asli ...1 more

The Temiar and the Semai...

"The Temiar and the Semai are largely jungle dwellers, and a majority of them live in the hilly country. Moreover, in a large number of cases, their social organization is based upon the longhouse. Then there is an other group of tribes, the Jah Hut, the Che Wong and the Semok Beri, who live in individual family houses, and whose social organization approximates to that some of the Proto-Malay tribes, although it is much simpler."

Item Text cina marriage ...2 more

It should be noted that Mah Meri ideas...

"It should be noted that Mah Meri ideas about marriage also affect to a great extent their attitudes towards outsiders. There are several instances when Mah Meri girls have been married to Chinese, and hardly any objection have been raised to such marriages. This is because in all cases, the Chinese concerned have become culturally assimilated to the Mah Meri, and their children are brought up in the normal Mah Meri way. Marriage with Malays is very infrequent and public opinion is hostile, first because of religious difficulties, and also because the Mah Meri feel that the attitude of the average Malay villager towards marriage is too light-hearted."

Item Text Ekonomi gaya hidup ...2 more

Many people in Malaya think...

"Many people in Malaya think that the Temiar are fond of moving about constantly, and that they have some kind of nomadic instinct. This is untrue, for on the contrary, they will stay in a particular place as long as possible as it is very troublesome to move to a new area and build new houses. Furthermore, in the recent past the more accessible groups have required acquired a fair amount of individual property such as radio sets, Malay and Western-type clothing and so on, and this also makes it more difficult than before to move one's location."

Item Text Ekonomi orang asli

The development of a cash...

"The development of a cash economy, and in particular the employment of a large number of Mah Meri by the government and the surrounding Chinese rubber estates, has in recent years led to a greater demand for cash. An important consequence of this development has been the introduction of the concept of individual ownership, at the expense of collective property. Today it is the individual family, rather than the village as a whole, which is the most important unit from an economic point of view."

Item Text kematian kepercayaan ...1 more

Their belief in an after-world...

"Their belief in an after-world is rather vague. After a man has died, his soul will hover around his grave for a number of weeks, and it must e propitiated if the living are not to be harmed. Thereafter the soul travels to an after-world located somewhere in the west, in the direction of the setting sun, where it will join its tribal ancestors. The moyang are always benevolent, and they will help the living. Their main concern is the observation of tribal customs, and they will not hesitate to punish those who have broken a taboo."

Item Text orang asli seni tradisional ...1 more

The Senoi tribes,...

"The Senoi tribes, like many pre-literate peoples, do not have a special form of activity formally recognized as art. Instead, art is part of their normal everyday lives. For example, we have already seen that Temiar blowpipes, which have a purely practical use, are to some extent also works of art, inasmuch as they are highly polished and often most beautifully incised and decorated. In the same way, Temiar and Semai combs have an artistic as well as a purely practical value."

Item Text orang asli Proto-Malays ...1 more

According to most authorities, the Proto-Malays...

"According to most authorities, the Proto-Malays are the last of the immigrant groups among the Orang Asli, and it is thought that they had come to Malaya some 5000 years ago. A widely accepted theory, based upon some archaeological findings, is that they came to Malaya from a location in Yunan, in present-day China, and that there was a good deal of intermarriage between themselves and the earlier Senoi settlers."

Item Text orang asli

That the word 'Jakun'...

"That the word 'Jakun' has some kind of opprobrium attached to it is however plain. There are very few groups who refer to themselves as Jakun, and instead various other tribal names are used. Of these, the most common is 'orang ulu', meaning 'people who live upstream', in other words, people who live in the interior."

Item Text orang asli perkahwinan

In short, the Orang Kanak...

"In short, the Orang Kanak settlement at that time was certainly the dirtiest in the whole country and, as has been said before, some people have explained this by an alleged degeneration of the tribe, caused by the continuous intermarriage of close relatives."

Item Text agama kepercayaan ...1 more

The religious beliefs of the Temuan...

"The religious beliefs of the Temuan have not been studied in any detail, and accounts are therefore rather vague. According to my informants, there are two major deities, 'tuhan diatas' and 'tuhan dibawah', meaning sky-god and earth-god respectively. The former is responsible for the creation of this world, and also for the after-world, and for the realm of the spirits in general. The second deity is responsible for the world of the living, and it is he who imposes punishment for any breach of local taboos. Well-known male ancestors who have died long ago much revered, although there is no special ancestor cult."

Item Text orang asli perkahwinan

The Semelai are allowed...

"The Semelai are allowed to have more than one wife, but this is most unusual and it is difficult to find any instances of a polygynous marriage. Economic reasons are often advanced for this, but in addition public opinion is not in favour of a man having more than one wife. Semelai marriages are generally stable and divorce is both unpopular and more difficult to obtain than is the case among most other Orang Asli tribes."

Item Text orang asli perkahwinan

A young man may...

"A young man may find a marriage partner within his own village, but it is common to look for a bride in a neighbouring settlement. Normally, when a man has found a girl whom he likes, he will approach his father to arrange for the marriage. His father will then consult the girl's father, and if all parties concerned are agreeable, the marriage will take place."

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