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"Bab ubat perempun busung atau "buntingkan darah"."

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"Kewujudan masyarakat Orang Asli dengan amalan sistem budayanya yang bersifat heterogen menambah nilai budaya istimewa yang kita miliki. Mereka mempunyai falsafah hidupnya sendiri seperti yang dimanifestasikan dalam bentuk sistem adat, agama dan…

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"Ukiran patung kayu hanya diusahakan oleh suku kaum Mah Meri dan Jah Het yang menjadi sebahagian daripada kepercayaan animisme mereka. Patung yang diukir melambangkan unsur-unsur yang pelbagai seperti tanah, pelangi, guruh, angin, lautan dan bumi.…

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"Topeng digunakan oleh suku kaum Mah Meri dalam persembahan tarian sebagai mewakili roh nenek moyang mereka. Roh nenek moyang masyarakat Mah Meri dipanggil Moyang."

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"Orang Asli biasanya tidak membunuh binatang bersaiz besar seperti harimau, gajah, buaya dan tapir kerana ia berkait rapat dengan kosmologi kepercayaan mereka. Haiwan buruan mereka adalah monyet, burung, tupai, kijang dan pelanduk."

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"Mereka sering menyanyikan lagu dengan irama yang dihasilkan melalui hentakan kaki. Muzik seiring dengan aktiviti masyarakat iaitu ketika menuai hasil tanaman mahupun majlis perkahwinan. Muzik tertentu dipercayai dapat menghindari semangat jahat…

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"Kebanyakan perhiasan mereka berhubung rapat dengan alam semula jadi. Mereka percaya perhiasan yang dipakai akan menyerlahkan kecantikan serta mengelakkan daripada bencana alam atau gangguan semangat jahat."

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"Hasil kraf moden telah dieksploitasi sepenuhnya bagi tujuan komersial. Motif-motif hasil seni kraf yang menarik ini dipindahkan pada lukisan fabrik. Selain itu, barang-barang cenderamata yang kecil seperti pemegang pensil, replika patung dan topeng…

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"Sekiranya mereka mengalami nasib yang kurang baik, Tok Halaq (bomoh) akan bertindak mengusir semangat jahat yang membawa nasib tidak baik. Semangat jahat adalah roh individu yang sudah mati yang menimbulkan kekacauan."

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"Penciptaan serta keberkesanan fungsi alat-alat ciptaan mereka adalah lambang ketinggian kreativiti mereka. Bahan-bahan asas yang mudah ditemui di persekitaran mereka, umpamanya buluh dan pohon-pohon kayu dieskploit mereka secara bijaksana. Alat-alat…

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"Orang Asli mempunyai banyak kehendak, mereka menunjukkan berbagai-bagai ragam dan beberapa kelompok di kalangan masyarakat mereka telah mempastikan mereka juga ingin mencapai berbagai-bagai wawasan. Mereka bukan seragam dan mereka pula bukan…

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"Hubungan intim di antara manusia dan hutan yang dihuninya hanya boleh difahami di dalam seni tari dan muzik Orang Asli sekiranya sistem kepercayaan leluhur masyarakat peribumi tersebut juga diketahui sepenuhnya. Begitu juga halnya di kalangan…

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"The first Malayan census of population which treated the Orang Asli as a special category was carried out in 1911, and their number was estimated to be about 30000. Considering that it was the first attempt made to count the number of Orang Asli,…

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"There is great deal of variation in the way of life of the Proto-Malays. Some of them, living in the remote areas of the jungle in Pahang, lead a semi-nomadic existence, and these people are much poorer and more backward than a majority of the…

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"In particular, medical services and other forms of help provided by the government during the last fifteen years or so have affected them to a much lesser degree than is the case among other groups of Orang Asli. Therefore , it seems reasonable to…

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"Their feelings of loyalty and sense of 'belonging' are attached firstly to a particular small group or band, made up entirely of their own kinsmen. Secondly, they think of themselves as belonging to a particular tribe, having its own language, or at…

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"If local groups must be both mobile and small, then it is essential that the social organization of the tribe as a whole must be as simple as possible, and this in fact has been the situation with the Negritos. The dual needs of maintaining a small…

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"In one or two cases, groups of Negritos have settled down more or less permanently, and this has resulted in the rise of a village leader, called the 'penghulu' or 'headman'. A village of this kind is essentially the territorial equivalent of a…

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"Among all of the Negrito tribes, marriage is an informal arrangement and it is not marked by any special ceremony. This of course does not mean that there is complete sexual freedom or that there is an absence of social regulations as regards…

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"Age is obviously an important factor in regulating the social behaviour of the Kensiu, and this is reflected in their terminology. For example, in ego's own generation, the terminological distinction between siblings, and also cousins, is based upon…

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"The economic activities of the Negrito population are basically simple and even primitive when judged by modern standards, or when compared with those of the other Orang Asli tribes, such as the Temiar. But we should not allow any misapprehensions…

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"Lifetime habits are difficult to change, and therefore the lack of hygiene and the general neglect of the more permanent dwelling houses become a serious problem. The standard of personal hygiene is quite high; everyone has a bath at least once a…

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"Other items which are almost universally accepted are salt, matches and inexpensive lighters, knives bought from the stores, and imported tobacco and cigarettes. All these articles are readily available in village shops which are located in areas…

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"They should certainly not be regarded as various stages of an evolutionary system. For example, a certain band may have long-standing ties with a Malay villager whom they trust and to whom, year after year, they return for seasonal work. When this…

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"By the end of the day, when the last meal has been cooked and eaten, the group is happy enough, and there is gossip to exchange and games to play. But the diet is inadequate from a nutritional point of view, since it is lacking in protein. Moreover,…

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"According to the custom of the Negritos, the preparation of the poison which will be used in the blowpipe, for example, is a task that is always left to the older and more experienced men. The younger members do not participate in it. But nowadays,…

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"The great popularity of such goods, and the resulting demand for cash, has gradually shifted the focus from communal to individual ownership. But this movement is still in its very infancy, since opportunities to earn money are very limited. Cash is…

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"One of the main difficulties is that the Negritos, being a preliterate people, do not possess any written sacred scripts or documents, as it is that informants are likely to give different answers to one's questions, thus creating an impression of a…

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"But it should be stressed that Karei, although generally feared, is not regarded as an inherently malevolent king of being. If men behave themselves and conform to the acceptable mode of conduct, then Karei will not send evil of any kind to earth.…

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"To appease the deity, an old man or an old woman will cut the skin near to the shin bone, and collect the blood into a bamboo container. This blood is then mixed with water and a part of it is thrown into the air as a sacrifice to Karei, who lives…

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"We have already referred to the respectful and influential position that a halak enjoys in Negrito society. This respect extends beyond the grave, for a halak's funeral is different from that given to an ordinary man. A halak is not buried in the…

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"The emotional atmosphere during the seance is ambiguous. At times the crowd is silent, and the women in particular show their awe and even fear, especially when the tiger's roar is heard. A few minutes later, the mood may change. The halak-and it…

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"The central theme is that every human being has at least two souls: one is his life-spirit which gives him breath and keeps him alive and the other is his dream soul. When he is alive, a man's dream soul will leave his body at night; and it is the…

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"Other significant social changes consist of the total substitution of bows and arrows by the blowpipe, and finally, we must also mention the almost universal awareness, by nearly all of the groups, of the desirability of modern medical treatment.…

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"In some areas, the Negritos have given the explanation that their children have been discriminated against at school, both by the non-aborigine pupils as well as by those of other Orang Asli tribes. But a more fundamental reason for this…

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"The headman at Kampong Lalang has similar functions to that of a traditional Negrito leader; but he also acts as the representative of the villagers in their dealings with government officials. Today, this is in fact one of his most important…

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"The shaman has varied and important functions, and he occupies a significant place in the religion of the Negritos. We must examine the functions of the halak in more detail in order to understand this clearly. Schebesta begins by saying that his…

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"The term 'Senoi' is of comparatively recent origin, and in the past the word 'Sakai' was normally used for the tribes with whom we are concerned here. The word 'Sakai', however, is most unsatisfactory, first because it was at times used to describe…

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"The Temiar and the Semai are largely jungle dwellers, and a majority of them live in the hilly country. Moreover, in a large number of cases, their social organization is based upon the longhouse. Then there is an other group of tribes, the Jah Hut,…

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"It should be noted that Mah Meri ideas about marriage also affect to a great extent their attitudes towards outsiders. There are several instances when Mah Meri girls have been married to Chinese, and hardly any objection have been raised to such…

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"Many people in Malaya think that the Temiar are fond of moving about constantly, and that they have some kind of nomadic instinct. This is untrue, for on the contrary, they will stay in a particular place as long as possible as it is very…

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"The development of a cash economy, and in particular the employment of a large number of Mah Meri by the government and the surrounding Chinese rubber estates, has in recent years led to a greater demand for cash. An important consequence of this…

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"Their belief in an after-world is rather vague. After a man has died, his soul will hover around his grave for a number of weeks, and it must e propitiated if the living are not to be harmed. Thereafter the soul travels to an after-world located…

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"The Senoi tribes, like many pre-literate peoples, do not have a special form of activity formally recognized as art. Instead, art is part of their normal everyday lives. For example, we have already seen that Temiar blowpipes, which have a purely…

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"According to most authorities, the Proto-Malays are the last of the immigrant groups among the Orang Asli, and it is thought that they had come to Malaya some 5000 years ago. A widely accepted theory, based upon some archaeological findings, is that…

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"That the word 'Jakun' has some kind of opprobrium attached to it is however plain. There are very few groups who refer to themselves as Jakun, and instead various other tribal names are used. Of these, the most common is 'orang ulu', meaning 'people…

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"In short, the Orang Kanak settlement at that time was certainly the dirtiest in the whole country and, as has been said before, some people have explained this by an alleged degeneration of the tribe, caused by the continuous intermarriage of close…

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"The religious beliefs of the Temuan have not been studied in any detail, and accounts are therefore rather vague. According to my informants, there are two major deities, 'tuhan diatas' and 'tuhan dibawah', meaning sky-god and earth-god…

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"The Semelai are allowed to have more than one wife, but this is most unusual and it is difficult to find any instances of a polygynous marriage. Economic reasons are often advanced for this, but in addition public opinion is not in favour of a man…

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"A young man may find a marriage partner within his own village, but it is common to look for a bride in a neighbouring settlement. Normally, when a man has found a girl whom he likes, he will approach his father to arrange for the marriage. His…

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