Browse Items · Rimbunan: Pangkalan Data Pengajian Melayu

We must seek rights not...

"We must seek rights not only for ourselves, but also for all Orang Asli, all suku-kaum, all kampungs. Or else, we will have no land later. We are being pushed here and there when the goverment wants to have a certain project ... Felda, Felcra. We must have laws to protect our land from government schemes. How can we have these laws? We can ask POASM to help us. They are our persatuan. We are not alone. There are other groups and other countries that support our struggle and want to protect our rights."

Text kepercayaan kepimpinan ...2 more

We have already referred to the respectful and influential position that a halak...

"We have already referred to the respectful and influential position that a halak enjoys in Negrito society. This respect extends beyond the grave, for a halak's funeral is different from that given to an ordinary man. A halak is not buried in the usual way. Instead, his corpse is eihter placed in the branches of a tall tree, or else it is buried in a sitting position, with the head exposed for the latter must never be covered with earth. A halak does not depart immediately into the next world but becomes a tiger instead."

Text orang asli socialization ...1 more

We also realised that Semai women today seem...

"We also realised that Semai women today seem to be under the men's power and control. The men themselves have assumed that they possess this authority over the women. They see their responsibility to the family in merely making sure that they get enough money for their wives and children. For this reason, some men feel that there is no need for women to attend meetings, since the men of the household will be there."

Text orang asli perkahwinan

Wali pengantin pereempuan akan mengisytiharkan peralatan adat atau lebih dikenali sebagai...

"Wali pengantin pereempuan akan mengisytiharkan peralatan adat atau lebih dikenali sebagai hantaran daripada pengantin lelaki. Wali pengantin perempuan akan menyebut dan menunjukkan satu per satu peralatan adat yang dibawa oleh pengantin lelaki. Setelah itu, wali pengantin lelaki turut melakukan perkara yang sama sambil disaksikan oleh saudara mara pengantin lelaki."

Text health kemudahan ...1 more

Veeman (1986/97) also acknowledged...

"Veeman (1986/97) also acknowledged that medical posts did exist in some remote areas, "flying doctors" did provide curative services, malaria teams did go out to villages at times, and field trips were made from Gombak Hospital to accessible sites for outpatient services, immunizations, health education, and maternal and child care."

Text jati diri orang asli

Usaha menyeimbangkan keberadaan pelbagai kaum...

"Usaha menyeimbangkan keberadaan pelbagai kaum serta merapatkan jurang perbezaan menjadikan kehadiran masyarakat minoriti Orang Asli dalam arus perdana pembangunan negara tidak boleh dinafikan. Justeru, usaha mengekal dan melestari ciri jati diri masyarakat ini khususnya bahasa mereka perlu diberi perhatian sewajarnya."

Text kepercayaan orang asli ...2 more

Ukiran patung kayu hanya diusahakan oleh suku kaum...

"Ukiran patung kayu hanya diusahakan oleh suku kaum Mah Meri dan Jah Het yang menjadi sebahagian daripada kepercayaan animisme mereka. Patung yang diukir melambangkan unsur-unsur yang pelbagai seperti tanah, pelangi, guruh, angin, lautan dan bumi. Dalam dunia mitologi mereka, patung-patung yang diukir mempunyai pelbagai corak dan fungsi dan dipercayai adalah jelmaan roh nenek-moyang mereka."

Text orang asli seni ...2 more

Topeng digunakan oleh suku kaum Mah Meri dalam...

"Topeng digunakan oleh suku kaum Mah Meri dalam persembahan tarian sebagai mewakili roh nenek moyang mereka. Roh nenek moyang masyarakat Mah Meri dipanggil Moyang."

Text Malaysia orang asli ...1 more

Today, however many of the Negrito...

"Today, however many of the Negrito groups live in permanent settlements in Northeast Kedah (the Kensiu people), along the Kedah-Perak border (Kintak), Northeast Perak and West Kelantan (Jahai), North-central Perak (Lanoh), Southeast Kelantan (Mendriq), and Northeast Pahang and South Kelantan (Batek). Customarily, some groups enter the forest for varying lengths of time such as during the fruit season to practise opportunistic foraging, or to extract forest products (such as rattan and gaharu) to be exchanged for cash. Such activities have often caused them to be labeled as nomadic and to be considered the more economically backward of the Orang Asli subgroups."

Text kepercayaan orang asli

To maintain good relations with the superhumans, Batek...

"To maintain good relations with the superhumans, Batek communicated with them regularly through singing sessions in which shamans might go into trance and send their shadow-souls to visit the superhumans. At the beginning and end of fruit seasons, people built low platforms of tree bark on logs, covered by a huge lean-to-roof of thatch. There they sang to the superhumans, first, to ask for abundant fruit and, later, to thank them for sending it."

Text kepercayaan orang asli ...2 more

To appease the deity, an old man or an old woman will cut the skin...

"To appease the deity, an old man or an old woman will cut the skin near to the shin bone, and collect the blood into a bamboo container. This blood is then mixed with water and a part of it is thrown into the air as a sacrifice to Karei, who lives in the sky. The remainder is poured onto the ground as an act of appeal for intercession by Yak Manoi, who dwells within the earth. This ceremony is accompanied by appropriate cries and prayers which explain the significance of the sacrifice."

orang asli socialization ...1 more

Thus, one of the saddest outcome...

"Thus, one of the saddest outcome of this imposition by, and then absorption of, the dominant culture is that Orang Asli women take on a more secondary role in both the Orang Asli community and the wider society at large. Their involvement in the social and political domain becomes increasingly limited and restricted."

Text gaya hidup orang asli

This is not to suggest that early Orang Asli...

"This is not to suggest that early Orang Asli societies developed in isolation. On the contrary, far from remaining static, they have had to continually change and adapt themselves and their social organisation to their environment, their neighbours, and to new centres of power. However, the Emergency, and the consequent attention paid to them by the government through the agency if the JHEOA, were to further exposed Orang Asli groups to one another. Some have attributed this increased awareness (of other Orang Asli groups) to the mixing at the Orang Asli hospital in Gombak, at the annual JHEOA social events, or in district or state-level official events organised for the Orang Asli."

Text Melayu mobility ...2 more

They should certainly not be regarded as various stages of an evolutionary system. For example...

"They should certainly not be regarded as various stages of an evolutionary system. For example, a certain band may have long-standing ties with a Malay villager whom they trust and to whom, year after year, they return for seasonal work. When this particular employer dies, his successor may not be as congenial or as experienced in dealing with the Negritos as his predecessor."

Text orang asli

There may be several factors for the stark difference in the population figures for the Kanak...

"There may be several factors for the stark difference in the population figures for the Kanak, and the Jakun and Temuan. One is that even from the beginning of their settlement in Malaya, the Kanak were a much smaller group compared to the other two. This can be deduced from historical records that they were a small group who split from their community in the islands south of Singapore and came to Johor about 200 years ago (Carey, 1976). On the other hand, the other two groups had arrived much earlier than them, and had a much longer period of time to build their communities in more than one location, compared to the Kanak whose settlement is restricted to Bukit Tinggi, Johor."

Text economy orang asli ...1 more

There is great deal of variation in the way of life of the Proto-Malays. Some of them, living in the remote areas of the jungle in...

"There is great deal of variation in the way of life of the Proto-Malays. Some of them, living in the remote areas of the jungle in Pahang, lead a semi-nomadic existence, and these people are much poorer and more backward than a majority of the Senoi. Other groups lead a completely settled existence, and their way of life is very similar to that of the Malay villagers."

Text budaya gaya hidup ...2 more

Their feelings of loyalty and sense of 'belonging' are attached firstly to...

"Their feelings of loyalty and sense of 'belonging' are attached firstly to a particular small group or band, made up entirely of their own kinsmen. Secondly, they think of themselves as belonging to a particular tribe, having its own language, or at any rate its own dialect; and only thirdly, do they think of themselves as belonging to a somewhat vague and not very clearly concept-ualized ethnic group, that of the Negritos."

Text kematian kepercayaan ...1 more

Their belief in an after-world...

"Their belief in an after-world is rather vague. After a man has died, his soul will hover around his grave for a number of weeks, and it must e propitiated if the living are not to be harmed. Thereafter the soul travels to an after-world located somewhere in the west, in the direction of the setting sun, where it will join its tribal ancestors. The moyang are always benevolent, and they will help the living. Their main concern is the observation of tribal customs, and they will not hesitate to punish those who have broken a taboo."

Text economy orang asli ...1 more

The women, by contrast, did...

"The women, by contrast, did not own a single piece of audio equipment. If their personal belongings had increased, it was because their husbands had chosen to given them things. With few exceptions, the women had stopped producing the smaller cane for sale, saying that it was not worth it."

Text hikayat orang asli ...1 more

The whole of the Hikayat Awang Sulong Merah Muda is about Orang Asli, or...

"The whole of the Hikayat Awang Sulong Merah Muda is about Orang Asli, or rather a tribe of the Orang Asli who migrated from Terengganu to the west coast and made their home at place a place which, according to the description given, is near Gunung Ledang on one side and Mengkalih (Johor\0 on the other. There was already a community there when Awang Sulong's parents arrived, and the people of that community must have been Orang Asli, as there were five batin as chiefs. It is not only the word batin, but also the names used by these people that indicate that they were Orang Asli. As we go further into the narrative, we get the idea that there were two different Orang Asli tribes - one with brown skin where the protagonist, Awang Sulong Merah Muda, belonged to; the other of black skin. The aspect of this narrative that is important to our study is the migration of Orang Asli from the east coast of the peninsula to the west coast, as this coincides with the story told by the Jakun of Alor Gajah to Abdullah Munshi. As Awang Sulong is believed to be a Muslim, an inference can be made that his tribe of Orang Asli must have been absorbed into the Malay race."

Text Ekonomi orang asli ...1 more

The third important task...

"The third important task of the Department for Orang Asli Affairs is to improve the living standards of the Orang Asli. This has primarily affected the groups living outside the deep jungle, in the more accessible areas of the country. The Department for Orang Asli Affairs has constructed a large number of 'pattern settlements' to encourage economic development. The formation of a typical pattern settlement includes the building of new dwelling houses, the provision of a water supply, the planting of land with rubber and fruit trees, the construction of a school and of a community hall, and various other facilities including sanitation."

Text bumiputera orang asli ...3 more

The term Bumiputra in...

"The term Bumiputra in the Malaysian sense can be translated into "indigenous" or "native". In the figure above, the Orang Asli are indigenous people together with Malays and the Non-Malay Bumiputera. At the same time, there is also the sense given to the term "indigenous peoples", who are defined as "a special kind of ethnic minority" (in Maybury-Lewis and MacDonald, in Denton at al., 1997, p. viii) - a definition not in line with that given in the Oxford Dictionary quoted above which gives indigenous as equivalent to native."

Text Austronesia bahasa ...1 more

The term "language" used here is...

"The term "language" used here is one that is general in nature, i. e. a speech system that is the medium of communication of a particular community. With the meaning given, a speech system can be a language or a dialect of the language. Hence, the Jakun language is that of the Jakun, the Seletar language that of the Orang Seletar, and so on. However, as these languages have been placed in the category of Malayic, meaning that they have a close affinity with Malay, the question arises is: How close are these speech systems to Malay?"

Text orang asli Senoi

The term 'Senoi' is of comparatively...

"The term 'Senoi' is of comparatively recent origin, and in the past the word 'Sakai' was normally used for the tribes with whom we are concerned here. The word 'Sakai', however, is most unsatisfactory, first because it was at times used to describe Orang Asli as a whole and at others to refer only to the Senoi; and second because the word has undesirable connotations, as it means dependants or slaves."

Text kelantan orang asli ...2 more

The Temiars of the upland parts of...

"The Temiars of the upland parts of Kelantan, Perak and northern Pahang form one of the largest Orang Asli (Aboriginal) populations of Peninsular Malaysia, but because of their relative isolation, they have been less studied than the other large populations. (See Map 1, p.126) For many decades, entry into Temiar territory was strictly controlled, under security restrictions that began in 1948 with the anti-Communist 'Emergency'."

Text gaya hidup orang asli ...1 more

The Temiar and the Semai...

"The Temiar and the Semai are largely jungle dwellers, and a majority of them live in the hilly country. Moreover, in a large number of cases, their social organization is based upon the longhouse. Then there is an other group of tribes, the Jah Hut, the Che Wong and the Semok Beri, who live in individual family houses, and whose social organization approximates to that some of the Proto-Malay tribes, although it is much simpler."

Text Malay orang asli

The study of Orang Asli-Malay minority-majority relations necessitates...

"The study of Orang Asli-Malay minority-majority relations necessitates an understanding of social realities in the uneven access to political and socio-economic resources. It is also concerned with understanding concepts of justice, freedom, autonomy within minority indigenous democratic worldviews which have evolved to explain and rectify imbalances in rights over land, housing, security, education, language and culture. For the Orang Asli, many of these notions of indigenous democracy provided equitable rules of social relations and behaviour, in an environment where scarce resources necessitated redistributive system which were more egalitarian than hierarchical."

Text gaya hidup orang asli

The State Culture, Arts and Tourism...

"The State Culture, Arts and Tourism Committee Chairman, Shahiruddin Moin, said that, "Although it is natural for women of the tribe to live half naked in the village, their photographs may give a wrong impression that Malays here are dressed in that manner" (The Star 3.8.1997). The State Rural Development Chairman, Omar Othman, was then assigned to look into the matter (Berita Harian 3.8.1997, 4.8.1997, Utusan Malaysia 4.8.1997). No official announcement was made about the ban on visits to the Kuala Yong Batek settlement but a sequence of events soon followed that eventually ressulted in such a ban."

Text Halak kepercayaan ...2 more

The shaman has varied and important...

"The shaman has varied and important functions, and he occupies a significant place in the religion of the Negritos. We must examine the functions of the halak in more detail in order to understand this clearly. Schebesta begins by saying that his preliminary investigation has shown that the halak is partly a medicine man or a healer, and partly a priest (1957:120). But more detailed research convinced him later on that the halak is primarily a shaman, a man who is able to fall into a trance (1957:154)."

Text orang asli seni tradisional ...1 more

The Senoi tribes,...

"The Senoi tribes, like many pre-literate peoples, do not have a special form of activity formally recognized as art. Instead, art is part of their normal everyday lives. For example, we have already seen that Temiar blowpipes, which have a purely practical use, are to some extent also works of art, inasmuch as they are highly polished and often most beautifully incised and decorated. In the same way, Temiar and Semai combs have an artistic as well as a purely practical value."

Text orang asli perkahwinan

The Semelai are allowed...

"The Semelai are allowed to have more than one wife, but this is most unusual and it is difficult to find any instances of a polygynous marriage. Economic reasons are often advanced for this, but in addition public opinion is not in favour of a man having more than one wife. Semelai marriages are generally stable and divorce is both unpopular and more difficult to obtain than is the case among most other Orang Asli tribes."

Text gaya hidup kepercayaan ...1 more

The Semai of Kampung Chang Lama also relate fondly to the...

"The Semai of Kampung Chang Lama also relate fondly to the rivers and the fish (kaq) that aboud in them. The elders cherish recounting how, in the past, when one was hungry, one needed only to put the rice in the boil and go to the river to fish. By the time the rice was cooked, there would be sufficient fish to go along with it."

Text gaya hidup orang asli ...1 more

The Semai categorise their food sources according to...

"The Semai categorise their food sources according to three major categories: living things that inhabit the water, those that liev on land, and those that are able to fly. Each group of animals has its own place in nature. This is taken to be the natural order of things. Mixing foods from these different categories would be akin to mixing up the natural order."

Text agama kepercayaan ...1 more

The religious beliefs of the Temuan...

"The religious beliefs of the Temuan have not been studied in any detail, and accounts are therefore rather vague. According to my informants, there are two major deities, 'tuhan diatas' and 'tuhan dibawah', meaning sky-god and earth-god respectively. The former is responsible for the creation of this world, and also for the after-world, and for the realm of the spirits in general. The second deity is responsible for the world of the living, and it is he who imposes punishment for any breach of local taboos. Well-known male ancestors who have died long ago much revered, although there is no special ancestor cult."

Text Malaysia orang asli

The question of whether the Orang Asli were the first...

"The question of whether the Orang Asli were the first to step foot on the Malay Peninsula has been a moot point among scholars of the history of the peninsula. However, as explained in Chapter 1, there is good reason for retaining the term in Malaysia. As linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure, which says that language is arbitrary and conventional, and from there to a later theory which says that language is relative, never absolute. On the coining of the term Orang Asli, we believe it was done in full consciousness with the objective of making the people bond with the other Bumiputra."

Text Ekonomi gaya hidup ...1 more

The present settlement of Kampung Chang Lama covers...

"The present settlement of Kampung Chang Lama covers 245 acres (99.1 hectares) of dwellings and rubber smallholdings. From the eyes of the state government such land is still state land, although an application was made by JHEOA in1969 to have the land gazetted as an Orang Asli reserve. Of the 302 individuals of working age in the community, 9 are civil servants (mainly with the JHEOA), 15 are employed in the private sector, while the majority (278) are selff-employed or, more precisely, farmers and rubber-tappers."

Text asimilasi culture ...2 more

The policy of integration with the mainstream is frequently used to justify...

"The policy of integration with the mainstream is frequently used to justify the objective of the 'Islamisation of the whole Orang Asli community' (JHEOA 1983: 2). As part of a variety of 'positive descrimination' policies, Orang Asli who convert to Islam could expect to be rewarded with material benefits both individually (e.g., cash incentive, housing, new clothes) and through community development projects (e.g., electricity and water supply, telephone connection, roads) 9HEOA 1983; Berita Harian, 26 November 1991; Berita Harian, 11 February 1998). Nevertheless, the major impact of a policy of Islamisation among Orang Asli is that Orang Asli culture and tradition are expected to give way to those sanctioned by the new religion."

Text development economy ...1 more

The people who have lost the most from development in Peninsular Malaysia, however, are...

"The people who have lost the most from development in Peninsular Malaysia, however, are Orang Asli, the "original people" or "aborigines." Orang Asli have not only been left behing in the rising prosperity of the nation, their economic condition has deteriorated. They have been transformed from economically independent food and commodity producers to landless wards of the state, confined more and more to dusty regroupment villages where they eke out a living from casual wage-labor, rubber-tapping, and collecting rapidly dwindling supplies of forest produce for sale. This has happened despite the fact that a special government agency concerned with their welfare, the Department of Aboriginal Affairs (JHEOA), has existed since 1954."

Text orang asli orang laut

The people earn their common-noun...

"The people earn their common-noun label "sea-gypsies" due to their way of life of living in wooden boats (the kabang) and temporary huts, and foraging for food. The fish they catch from the sea using nets are for their own consumption, and mostly for the purpose of bartering for other goods in the local markets. Hogan writing in 1972 gives an interesting account of the Moken and Moklen, as he does for the Urak Lawoi'."

Text Malaysia orang asli

The Orang Asli are the indigenous minority peoples of...

"The Orang Asli are the indigenous minority peoples of Peninsular Malaysia. The term which transliterates as 'original peoples' or 'first peoples', is a collective term for the 19 ethnic sub-groups officially classified for administrative purposes under Negrito, Senoi and Aboriginal Malay. They differ, sometimes widely, in physical features, economic lifestyle, social organisation, religion and language."

Text kemajuan orang asli ...1 more

The new policy...

"The new policy which involved the establishment of jungle forts was undoubtedly, a great improvement upon resettlement, but there were of course a number of setbacks and difficulties and mistakes continued to be made. For example, as late as 1957, it was decided to remove a group of about 200 Temiar from their natural environment on the Kelantan-Perak watershed."

Text Ekonomi gaya hidup ...1 more

The Negrito as seen in the Kintak Bong, have traditionally...

"The Negrito as seen in the Kintak Bong, have traditionally depended on hunting and gathering activities to fulfill all their daily requirements, but this situation is rapidly changing as they become increasingly dependent on economic exchange with the outsiders, including waged labour. Their traditional economic activities, however, still play a role and the forest is still an important component of their subsistence base. Nomadism and semi nomadism is a survival strategy, both economically and politically."

Text orang asli

The Malaysia must have known the Jakun...

"The Malaysia must have known the Jakun from earlier times, by the very name Jakun. In Malay idioms, anything that refers to an aspect of folkways that was considered unMalay, or deeply rural, was said to be "Jakun". This idiom is no longer in use, for two reasons. Firstly, the Malays themselves have realised that it is rude and crude to use such langauge, and parents as well as editors of publications have taken unto themselves to see that expressions that denigrate a particular group, not just the Jakun, are wiped out of usage. Secondly, people's perception as transmitted by such idioms does not reflect the Jakun of today who have come out of the jungles and live in settlements next to the Malays and other races of Malaysia, with some in the urban or semi-urban centres."

Text orang asli parlimen ...1 more

The main thrust of these recommendations is that Orang Asli want...

"The main thrust of these recommendations is that Orang Asli want development and integration into mainstream society, but with their ethnic identities intact. In many ways the recommendations recall the Statement of Policy of 1961, which was abandoned in part after the government adopted the assimilation policy. These recommendations also echo those in the "Memorandum" that came from a conference of twenty-sever Orang Asli headmen from numerous groups in 1982 (Means 1985-1986:649-652; New Straits Times 1982a)."

Text orang asli orang melayu

The Land Orang Asli...

"The Land Orang Asli consisting only of the Jakun, the Kanak and the Temuan, are found only in the Malay Peninsula. It has been the tradition among scholars when writing about them to place them in the umbrella group of the Malayan aborigines, who are divided into the three categories of Negrito, Senoi and Proto-Malays. The last category is used to differentiate them from the other Malays (who are given the label "Deutero-Malays")."

Text economy orang asli ...1 more

The JHEOA goal in regroupment schemes is to...

"The JHEOA goal in regroupment schemes is to foster cash-crop arboriculture. The favored crop is rubber, though the price of rubber is generally low and subject to wild variations depending on world market demand. probably the Department continues to favor rubber because it requires little skill to grow and process, needs minimal equipment, and fits Departmental expertise."

Text orang asli population

The Jah Hut is also a small tribe, and...

"The Jah Hut is also a small tribe, and they are all found in Pahang. Writing in 1976, Carey says there were about 2000 of them, a figure which does not seem to show any increase from the onw given in the census of 1969. Carey also writes that there is cultural affinity between the Jah Hut, and another much smaller tribe, the Che Wong (1976, p.132)."

Text Melayu orang asli

The issue of the Orang Asli's assimilation, however,...

"The issue of the Orang Asli's assimilation, however, is not merely a concern of the ruling government. The opposition Islamic party PAS concurs with the view that Islamisation should be a strategy for lifting the Orang Malays. The PAS Member of Parliament for Kubang Kerian, Mohamed Sabu, even suggested that, "instead of being recognised as Orang Asli, they should be assimilated into the Malay race. Their culture should be integrated so that they will no longer be considered separated from Malays." (The Star 26.11.1997)"

Text initiatives orang asli

The heavy-handed manner...

"The heavy-handed manner in which the houses were demolished - without prior warning to the owners and despite the matter still being handled by their lawyers - infuriated POASM leaders enough to want to make their displeasure visible and loud. The demonstration was to inform the authorities that the memorandum submitted on that day to the Deputy Prime Minister had the support of the Orang Asli. There was good media coverage of the event but the action did not solicit any positive response from the authorities involved."

Text kepimpinan leader ...1 more

The headman at Kampong Lalang...

"The headman at Kampong Lalang has similar functions to that of a traditional Negrito leader; but he also acts as the representative of the villagers in their dealings with government officials. Today, this is in fact one of his most important functions."

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